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- Date: Mon, 6 Jul 92 15:03:32 -0400
- From: dmilne@KEAN.UCS.MUN.CA
- Subject: elem IG Spelling, pt.2
- Sender: GAELIC Language Bulletin Board <GAELIC-L@irlearn.ucd.ie>
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-
-
- NOTES ON THE SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF IRISH
- PART II
-
-
- In part I of these notes on the pronunciation and spelling of Irish
- (see #3-C), the emphasis was on broad and slender consonants, and how
- silent vowels are inserted into words to indicate the quality of the
- adjacent consonsants.
-
- Because of this system of inserting silent vowels into syllables, it
- can be difficult for a learner to know which vowels are pronounced in the
- spelling of a word and which are not. However, Irish spelling is quite
- phonetic and regular, so most words can be pronounced accurately from
- their spelling, if you know the sound values for 10 single-letter
- spellings and 23 multi-letter combinations for vowels. This is easier
- than it sounds.
-
- There is, of course, some variation in the sound values for the vowels
- among the dialects. The ones given here are those that correspond to the
- phonetic transcriptions in the Foclóir Póca.
-
- In Part 2 of this series of notes on spelling, we will look at the
- spelling of long vowels and diphthongs. Part 3 will deal with the
- spelling of short vowels.
-
- ............................................................
-
-
- 1. First let us look at the single letter spellings for vowels:
-
- Long vowels: á [a:] as in far
- é [e:] say
- í [i:] see
- ó [o:] more
- ú [u:] who
-
- Short vowels: a [a ] bat
- e [e ] bet
- i [i ] bit
- o [o ] son
- u [u ] book
-
- ...............................................
-
-
- 2. In addition to the single vowels shown above, Irish has four
- diphthongs. A diphthong is a sequence of two vowels, both of
- which are clearly pronounced. An example in English would be the
- "oi" in "poison", where the "oi" is pronounced not as "o" or as "i",
- but as a rapid sequence of the two, resulting in an "oy" diphthong.
-
- The sounds of the four Irish diphthongs are:
-
- [ i@ ] "ee-uh"
- [ u@ ] "oo-uh"
- [ ai ] "eye"
- [ au ] "ow" (as in cow)
-
-
- The spelling of the first two is simple:
-
- [i@] IA e.g. bia [b'i@] food
- iasc [i@sk] fish
-
-
- [u@] UA e.g. fuar [fu@r] cold
- scuab [sku@b] brush
-
-
-
- The spelling for the [ai] and the [au] diphthongs are more
- varied.
-
-
- [au] "ow" is spelled with the following letter groups:
-
- -ABHA- e.g. dabht [daut] doubt
- leabhar [l'aur] book
-
- -AMHA- e.g. ramhar [raur] fat
-
- ( Historically, and still in some dialects,
- -AMHA- is pronounced as a nasalized [au].)
- (also note that -amh as a word ending is [@])
-
-
- -OGH- e.g. bogha [bau] bow (archer's)
- mogh [mau] slave
-
- -ODH- e.g. todhchaí [tauxi:] future
-
-
-
- [ai] "eye" is spelled with the following letter groups:
-
- -ADHA- e.g. radharc [rairc] view
- -IDH- raidhfil [raif'@l] rifle
-
- (But note that -adh as a word ending is @)
-
-
- -AGHA- praghas [prais] price
- -IGH- leigheas [l'ais] cure
-
- However: note that when -IGH comes at the end of a
- word, it is pronounced like í [i:] or like [y].
-
- ..................................................
-
-
- 3. Four of the long vowels shown in section (1) above can also be spelled
- with a two-letter or three-letter combination:
-
- e: is spelled "é" or "ae"
- i: "í" or "ao" or "igh"
- o: "ó" or "eo" or "omh"
- u: "ú" or "umh"
-
-
- Examples of these alternate spellings are given below.
-
-
- (i) AE = é e.g. tae [te: ] tea
- té [t'e:] person
-
- Note: when the vowel [e:] follows a slender consonant
- "é "is used. When [e:] follows a broad consonant,
- "ae" is used. Thus the (silent) broad vowel a is inserted
- between the broad consonant and the slender vowel e,
- according to the broad with broad, slender with slender
- spelling rule.
-
-
-
- (ii) EO = ó e.g. beo [b'o:] alive
- bó [bo: ] cow
-
- Note: when the vowel [o:] follows a broad consonant, "ó" is
- used. When [o:] follows a slender consonant, "eo" is
- used. Thus the (silent) slender vowel "e" is inserted
- between the slender consonant and the broad vowel "o"
- to satisfy the requirements of the "broad with broad...
- etc." spelling rule.
-
-
- (iii) AO = í e.g. díbh [d'i:v'] from you (pl)
- daoibh [di:v'] to you (pl)
-
- Note: In F.P. and in Connacht,this vowel is pronounced as i:
- In Munster, it is pronounced as e:
- In Ulster, it is pronounced u ?
-
- Thus this is a specific vowel in its own right, not a respelling
- of one of the long vowels shown in #1. Whichever dialect you
- choose to follow, all words spelled with -ao- in that dialect
- will use the same pronunciation for this letter combination.
-
- e.g. craobh branch
- taobh side
-
- [kri:v] or [kre:v] or [kruv]
- [ti:v] [te:v] [tuv]
-
-
-
-
-
- (iv) -IGH = í in many verb endings:
-
- brostaigh [brosti:] hurry
- éirigh [e:r'i:] become
-
- but at the end of other words, it may be sound like [y],
- and when in a consonant cluster, is part of the diphthong [ai]
- (see section 2 above).
-
-
- (v) -OMH = ó e.g. romham [ro:m] before me
- comh- [ko: ] co- prefix
- tomhas [to:s] guess
-
-
- This was originally a nasalized o: though this nasalization
- is now lost in most dialects.
-
-
-
- (vi) -UMH- = ú e.g. umhal [u:@l] humble, obedient
- cumhra [ku:r@] fragrant
-
-
- This was originally a nasalized u: though this nasalization
- is now lost in most dialects.
-
- .....................................................................
-
- SUMMING UP:
-
- These are the spellings for LONG vowels & diphthongs that you
- will need to recognize:
-
-
- a: á
-
- e: é ae
-
- i: í ao -igh
-
- o: ó eo -omh-
-
- u: ú -umh-
-
- i@ ia
-
- u@ ua
-
- au -abha- -amha- -ogh- -odh-
-
- ai -adha- -idh- -agha- -igh-
-
-
-
- TIPS FOR SOUNDING OUT A STRANGE WORD:
-
- 1. Syllables which contain a single vowel, long or short,
- are simple : pronounce the vowel you see.
-
- e.g. bád [ba:d] boat
- te [te ] warm
- gibiris [g'ib'ir'is'] gibberish
-
-
- 2. If the syllable has more than one vowel in it:
-
- Look to see if there are any long vowels or diphthongs present,
- in any of the various spellings for these vowels.
-
- If one is present, pronounce that vowel or diphthong and ignore the
- other vowels in the syllable (they will be silent).
-
- e.g. múinteoir ú eo --> [mu:n't'o:r']
- ^ ^^
- the two i's are silent; they indicate that the
- -nt- and the final r are slender
-
- e.g. saighdiúir -igh- ú --> [said'u:r']
- ^^^ ^
-
-
- 3. If the syllable has more than one vowel in it, but none of the
- spell a long vowel or a diphthong, you need to know which short vowel
- to pronounce. That will be the subject of the third part of this series
- on spelling. But, before moving on to the vowel combinations which
- spell out short vowels, let's get some practice in sounding out words
- which contain long vowels and diphthongs.
-
-
- SOME WORDS TO PRACTICE ON:
-
-
- To test your knowledge of long vowels and diphthong spellings, you may
- like to try writing down the pronunciation of the following words in
- IPA, or if you prefer not to use IPA, in whatever system suits you
- best. Remember, however, to indicate slender consonants with a ' .
-
- You can check your answers in the Foclóir Póca, or, if you
- wish, send me your transcriptions, or ask me to send you a copy of the
- IPA transcriptions.
-
- My e-mail address: "dmilne@kean.ucs.mun.ca"
-
-
- Practice words:
-
- séú sixth
- caoi way, manner
- dúnbhású homicide
- cíos rent
- cóip copy
- siúl walk
- súil hope
- géis swan
- bleán milk (vb)
- síleáil ceiling
- draein drain
- báinín white homespun cloth
- dúisigh awaken
- togha choice
- biabhóg rhubarb
- geoin droning noise
- íoróin irony
- saghas size, type
- babhla bowl
- báistigh rain (vb)
- fíodóir weaver
- síceolaí psychologist
- traein train
- tréadaí shepherd
- maoinigh finance (vb)
- slánaíocht guarantee
- Badhbh war goddess
- saothrú earnings
- fíorchaoin hearty
- fillteog wrap
- sabhall barn
- drabhlásaí profligage
- cumha loneliness
- achomharc appeal
- draighneán blackthorn
-
-
- ....................................................................
-
-
-
-